Banana Clones
Tissue Cultured Banana Clones
Banana is one of the most important fruits of India and also of many other countries worldwide, which is available throughout the year. It occupies around 20% of the total plantation area in India and can be a major source of foreign exchange earner. Tissue culture means cloning and micro-propagation of tissues of the selected Elite plants and daughter suckers. The process consists of five important steps: Initiation, Multiplication, Shooting & rooting, Primary Hardening in green houses and Secondary Hardening in shade houses. Strict adherence to aseptic standards and micro-climatic conditions and care during the hardening process alone can ensure success.
Process of Plantation
The land is initially prepared by plowing and after that pits of 1’ x 1‘ x 1’ are made at a distance of 4’ the pits are then filled with a mixture of compost, fungicide, micro and macronutrients. The baby tissue cultured banana plant are then taken out of the polythene and placed in the pits at sunset.
Watering
The plants should be immediately watered after plantation to ensure there is enough moisture in the soil. The soil should not be water logged. To save water us the drip mechanism to water the plant. Do not let the weeds out grow in the farm to protect the plants.
Harvesting
It takes normally takes 10 to 11 months for the plant to bear flowers and 2 to 3 months after that for the fruits to grow. In normal conditions the whole process of plantation till harvesting is around 12 to 14 months.
Use of Fertilizers
As per usual practice 4 to 5 kg of compost 250 Gms Neem cake should be mixed and the pits should be filled before plantation, after that 62 gms of urea Per Plant should be used in interval of 30 75,125,165,210,255 and 300 days along with 125 Gms of Super Phosphate Per Plant at the interval of 30,75,125 and 165 days.105 Gms of Purate of potash per plant should be also used at intervals of 30,165,255 and 300 days. 25 Gms of Zink Sulphate and Magnesium Sulphate per plant should be also used after 75 days of plantation to get better results.
Financial Benefit
Due to short harvesting time the cost of labour and water is less when compared to other fruits. One can plant 3673 Nos of grandane species tissue cultured baby banana plants per hectare at at distance of 1.65 x 1.65 Mts. The plants grow to the height of 2.3 to 2.5 Mts and the Dia of the mature banana tree is 60 to 62 Cms. One can easily earn around Rs. 4 to 5 Lacs per hectare by planting tissue cultured banana tree.
Disclaimer: The above financial figures are based on the research and claims of several botanical and tissue cultured research institutes which are government approved. India Plantation does not take any guarantee of the claims made above.
Poplar Plants
Poplar Plants
Eucalyptus Plant
Eucalyptus tree are known as one of the giant(tallest) plants on the planet. There are more than 700 types of eucalyptus that fit in with the family Myrtaceae.
Most eucalyptus species are evergreen plants. Other than as trees, a few types of eucalyptus create as bushes. Most types of eucalyptus are local to Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia. Eucalyptus is essential and exceptionally abused plant as a result of its wood and oil. Eucalyptus is financially developed in tropical and subtropical regions everywhere throughout the world. Since it ingests tremendous amounts of water starting from the earliest stage, can be utilized for depleting of swamps. It can likewise annihilate jungle fever by wrecking wet natural surroundings which are needed for improvement of mosquito’s eggs. Sadly, drying of the dirt adversely influences other plant species. Eucalyptus is a tall evergreen tree. It achieves the tallness of more than 300 feet. Leaves of the tree on adolescent shoots are inverse, sessile, cordate-applaud and secured with a pale blue white blossom. The grown-up leaves are interchange, lanceolate and are 6-12 inches in length and 1-2 inches expansive. It eucalyptus-treeflowers are cream in shading. The presence of its bark changes with the tree’s age. Its bark comprises of long filaments and can be can be pulled off in long pieces. Stems of the seedlings and coppice shoots are quadrangular. Blossoms are in cymose panicles. The organic product is a container.
By planting Eucalyptus Clones you will get wood nearly 300 to 400 kgs per tree. Per acre you need minimum 2000 clones approximately. We give rough calculation here i.e per acre 2000 plants .On completion of 5th years you will get 300 Kgs per tree .So the total yield per acre is 2000 X 300=600000 kgs i.e. 600 metric tons per acre .The present market rate is Rs 6000 to 7000.
Eucalyptus Clones :
3, 7, 271,288,316,411,413 and 2045.
Climate Required for Eucalyptus Farming:-
Eucalyptus can be grown in wide variety of climatic conditions. However, it thrives best in tropical to temperate climatic areas. This tree can be grown up to 2000 to 2200 m altitude. It requires 4 cm to 40 cm annual rain fall for its growth. This tree has high degree of drought resistance, hence can be cultivated in drought areas and waste lands. In India, eucalyptus tree can be grown in the regions with temperature range of 0 °C to 47 °C.
Soil Requirement for Eucalyptus Farming:-
Eucalyptus plantation can be done on wide range of soils. However, this tree requires deep, rich and well drained loamy soils with sufficient moisture for its best growth and yield. The growth will stagnate on poor heavy, sandy soils, highly alkaline & saline soils. But eucalyptus hybrid species are successfully grown in alkaline & saline soils. This tree comes up very well in the soils with pH range of 6.0 to 7.5.
Propagation in Eucalyptus Farming:-
Propagation can be done through vegetative method or seeds.Eucalyptus Seeds eucalyptus cultivation should be free from weeds and any previously cultivated crop roots. Couple of ploughings can make the soil to the fine tilth stage. These
activities should be carried 3 months in advance before plantation. Other land preparation activities like ridging, harrowing and leveling should be completed by April for monsoon plantation.
Pits Preparation:-
Dig the pit size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm in advance of planting. Separate the soil of the top half of the pit and fill this top half soil back into the pit at the bottom and rest of the soil on top.
The best of India Plantation [www.indiaplantation.com] is the service after sale. As we have franchisee in different states, services are unlimited. On call assistance, frequent visit from our Technical team.
Pm Narendra Modi Planted tree
PM Narendra Modi interacted with people form Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, UP & Uttarakhand.
The new civil air terminal will benefit people of Chandigarh & nearby areas. It will enhance connectivity.
At PGIMER convocation, was happy that children from government schools joined us. Am sure they’ll remember this day.
I spoke about OROP & why the credit for the implementation of OROP must go to the poor of India. Pm Narendra Modi Planted tree .
UP CM Akhilesh Yadav Inaugrated Solar Plant
UP CM Akhilesh Yadav Inaugrated Solar Plant
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav on Monday inaugurated 200 power sub-stations built at a cost of Rs 1,200 crore.
He said his government had been making efforts on power front and was on course to provide 24-hour and 16-hour uninterrupted electricity supply in the urban and rural areas, respectively, by 2016-17.
“Our energy sector roadmap has been lauded even by Union Power Minister Piyush Goyal as progressing in the right direction,” Yadav said.
On November 3, Yadav had met Goyal in New Delhi. He sought Rs 15,000 crore from the Centre for various energy projects. The meeting perceptibly broke the ice between the central and the state government.
At the meeting, the Centre assured to provide independent coal blocks worth 300-400 million tonnes to the state. This will help Uttar Pradesh thermal power plants, which have been facing coal supply constraints over the past several months, forcing them to operate at sub-optimal capacity.
Yadav further censured rampant power theft and illegal connections in the state.
Meanwhile, Yadav said certain developmental works were not explicitly visible, such as upgrading transmission network. He said, “Though, Samajwadi Party has surged ahead in development works, it trails in publicising its achievements.”
Last month, Samajwadi Party President Mulayam Singh Yadav had publicly admonished the Akhilesh government for failing to complete projects in time.
He had asked ministers to apprise him within two weeks of the most important works/projects completed by their respective ministry.
However, the state government and administrative machinery has speeded up pending projects, including Lucknow Metro Rail, IT City and the Agra-Lucknow Expressway.
Save Indian Farmers भारतीय किसानो को आत्महत्या से बचाएँ
Save Indian Farmers from Suicide भारतीय किसानो को आत्महत्या से बचाएँ
Save Indian Farmers
INDIA PLANTATION
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Teak Plants Plantation Fertilization Sagwan Plants
THE TOP SECRET OF TEAK.
(How Teak grow : growth habit)
The process over a year(12 months) can be divided into three phase:
Resting phase(summer) : young Teak stops growing. In this phase because of the dry season, water deficiency made physiological action abnormal and matures (Dormancy phase.)
- Active-growing phase.(Rainy) : Teak are growing fast because of a most suitable climate and soil moisture content. The increments in DBH. and volume, are 80% of total increment in the year.(start from early to late rainy season)
- Slow-growing phase(winter) : Growth of Teak becomes slower until they enter in to dormant phase with falling leaves because of decreasing rainfall and temperature.
- Teak grew fast during the first 5 years with the mean annual increments of 0.5-2.5 cm./DBH. and 0.5-2.3 m. in height respectively.
- Teak is a highly positive tree species which needs adequate sunlight during every stage of its growth, or a light demanding tree species.
- Teak is a tropical deciduous forest tree species. The species is a number of the family Verbenaceae.
- Growth of Teak is more vigorous in deep, well drained alluvium soil found a long the banks of rivers and also the foot of ridges.
TEAK PLANTATION
- ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF TEAK.
Teak can grow on a variety of soil. It develops best on well drained, deep and fertile soils, especially on volcanic substrate or on alluvial soils of various origins. The optimum soil pH is between 6.5 -7.5 The calcium magnesium and phosphorus content in the soil is another important factor and its deficiency results in stunted growth optimum rainfall for teak range between 1,250 and 3750 mm. the species requires a dry season of at least 4 months with less than 60 mm. precipitation(Kaosa-ard,1981)
The maximum and minimum temperatures are 43 degree and 13 degree respectively. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, hard lateric and clayey soils are unsuitable.
Plantation sites should be select at lower altitudes,(<500 m.) on well drained soil and in areas with low incidence of strong wind.(typhoons). Slope is not exceeding 30 degree. Poor drained water logging and saline soil are unsuitable.
Remark :
Above an altitude of 700 m. teak may surfers from frost and wind damage, which retards growth significantly. Soils suitable for growing teak should be at least 60 cm. thick, loose and fertile, with surface stratum of more than 10 cm., a humus content of 20 percent. Land with sticky sub soil and pH of below 5.0 and slope are more than 30 degree should be a voided.
- SITE SELECTION FOR GOOD TEAK PLANTATION. (GOOD SITES)
Annual rainfall 1,750-2,500 mm.
Attitudes 400 600m.
Soil type Red mountain laterite/fertile soil.
Soil pH pH 5.8 – 6.8
Soil depth >1.5 m./well drained soil.
A humus contents >5%
Slope 5-20 degree(good slope and valleys)
Wind moderate
Mean temp. 19.4 degree.
Plant indicators bamboo mixed forests.
Frost no frost.
- PLANTATION LAYOUT.
- Plantation
- Nature and ecological balance.
- Block and road design and drainage system.
1 block = 32 ha.
Road width = 10 m. and do not longer than 400 m.
Fire break = 10 m.
- THE SPACING.
The following planting design options are recommended for establishment a teak plantation.
- Spacing 2×4 m. = 1,250 teak/ha.
- Easiest and cheapest planting design to establish.
- Suitable where mounting and drainage lines is to be taken.
- Thinning must taken into account the spacing between final croptrees. The final selection of vigorous, healthy trees with relatively even spacing.
- Good weed control is essential to promote early growth and successful establishment.
- THE FROM PRUNING.(2-3 YEARS)
- De- budding and pruning of side branches is necessary in young plantations to improve the value of the basal timber.
- A strong and straight leader(axis) needs to be selected and the others sprouts trimmed.
- Sometimes planted stumps produce multiple shoots of which only the most vigorous one is kept.
Remark : equipment and tools for pruning.
Epicormic knife removal of stem epicormic branch with knife or by hand.
Pruning shear.
- THE FERTILIZING. (1-3 YEARS.)
Do not fertilize newly-planted trees too soon. The application must be very light and broadcast evenly, but not against the stems of the trees. Apply to moist soil 1-2 month post-planting. Weeds are controlled prior to fertilizing.
As soon as the trees are established and start growing, fertilizer must be applied regular to the quantities given as below.
- During 1ST
– Fist weeding(100 cm.) after planting 30 days. Application NPK 10 gm./tree(1 table spoonful) distance 20 cm. from Teak stem(3 points). Put in to soil deep 5-10 cm.(when soil has moisture content only) after rainy day.
– Second weeding (100 cm.) after planting 60 days-90 days, application NPK 30 gm/tree(2 table spoonful) distance 30-40 cm. from Teak stem(3 points). Put in to soil deep 5-10 cm.(when soil has moisture content only) after rainy day.
- During 2nd year, NPK 50 gm/tree in 2 times, (when soil has moisture content only.) after weeding and soil working. Mulching and soil working are combined during the last weeding.
- During 3rd year, NPK 100 gm/tree in 2 times(after rainy day) after weeding and soil working. Mulching and soil working are combined during the last weeding.
Remark : This is only a guideline. Correct fertilization can be only be applied according to the soil analysis for young trees and leaf analysis for matured trees.
-
THE ESTABLISHMENT.
7.1 The nursery.
-The quality of the Teak trees grow in the nursery determines the success of an plantation. Teak seedling that received poor or incorrect treatment in the nursery will log behind in the plantation, and die easily.
-The vigorous seedling, the better the root system will have developed and the greater the chances of successful establishment.
7.2 Seedling transportation.
-Teak seedling from a nursery should already have been hardening.
-Plant the trees as soon as possible ; if keep too long they may become root-bound or supper from nutrient deficiencies.
-Do not place the trees in the sun because the containers will become hot and the roots could be burn even before planting.
-Handle with care for a long distance. Keep safety moisture content, out of the sun and wind, a 90% of survival rate can be expected.
7.3 Land preparation.
-Wood cutting.
-Burning.
-Collecting and re-burning.
Land preparation should be clean and clear before rainy season about 4 months.(Pre planting.)
The clearing of the areas is done by hand or tractor D.6 and started early enough in the dry season to be finish before the rain season. One man clear about 1 ha./month.
The slash must have dried for 2 to 4 weeks before burning. Usually a second burn must be done after un-burnt and thicker slash has been pulled together.
7.4 Bamboo pegs supply.(1,250 pegs/ha.)
The position of each Teak stump is pegged with a piece of bamboo about 1 m. high. A spacing 2×4 m. is recommended. Hopefully, this spacing will result in a better stem form, self pruning, compared with the parent trees.
7.5 Line marking.(2×4 m.)
Line marking direction should be made along the contour line and along the stream.
7.6 Planting and Early care.
Growing trees well requires a mixture of skills, training and obtaining the right technical information is important and 95 % survival rate.
7.6.1 Poly bags seedlings.
-After proper soil preparation the holes for planting should be large enough for the bag containing the tree to fit in side.(30x30x30 cm.)
-Cut the bags at bottom side open before planting to ensure that the trees have well-developed roots systems and the roots are undamaged.
-Planting day should be made after heavily rainfall and soils deeply wet condition.
-Do not plant the Teak trees deeper than it was planted in the bag and plant the trees upright.
-After heavy rainfall, check water logging at the base of the trees.
7.6.2 Stumps seedlings.
-Avoid injuries to roots of stumps seedlings.
-The stumps are out-planted easily by plugging them in to the ground. Under favorable grown conditions, the survival rate can be as high 95 % and the high growth of the coppice from the planted stumps is between 0.75 to 1 m. at the end of first growing season.
-Planting periods should be on overcast and rainy day during the rainy season. Attention should be paid to the following:
(a) Seedling should be deeply planted, early in the rainy season. And planting should be take place during wet conditions.
(b) After seedling have been planted(30 days), planting hole should be make soil earthed up and made like a turtle back to prevent water logging and gathering, which care server influence survival. Drainage lines 1 m. from planting trees should be practice, also.
Warning ; potential hazardous situation from water logging, if not a voided, could result in death or serious injury.
7.7 Maintenance and Tending.
-1st weeding & replanting.(spot weeding 1 m.)
-1st fertilizing.(see article 6)
-2nd weeding.(line weeding 2 m.)
-2nd fertilizing.(see article 6)
-3rd weeding.(clear weeding)
-4th weeding.(clear weeding)
Tending of young Teak plantation ; Scarifying soil, weeding, expanding planting pits and earthing soil like turtle back are done for planting at the rainy season.
4 times weeding are recommended in the first growing season, weeding of competing vegetable and cutting of climber wines is necessary. Sometimes planted stumps produce multiple shoots of which only the most vigorous one kept.
7.8 Fire protection.
Fire protection is a very important part of Teak plantation practice. Each years planting are should be protected by a fire line of 10 m. wide which is cleared of all vegetation. It is advisable to provide fire protection during each dry season. Fire is also associated with, erpicormic branching, some loss of soil nutrients and humus, and leaves the surface soil exposed to erosion. Repeated fires may reduce considerably the site potential, thus causing a decrease in growth rate and the tree susceptible to insects attack.
(See table 1. work plan for the establishment and check lists.)
- TENDING FOR 2-3 YEARS OLD.
Tending 2-3 years.
The purpose of this activity is to establish high value forest both in volume quality by the end of rotation age and keep the soil fertility as well as to maintain the environment quality. Site deterioration and erosion, Teak indicated by slow growth, badly shaped stems and light crowns. Rain falling on bare ground, causes displacement of soil particles. Serious erosion was observed under some stands wherever soil are unprotected by under story of vegetation.
8.1 From pruning.(details in article 5)
8.2 1st weeding & replanting.(spot weeding 1 m.)
8.3 1st fertilizing.(details in article 6)
8.4 2nd weeding.(line weeding 2 m.)
8.5 2nd fertilizing.(details in article 6)
8.6 3rd weeding.(clear weeding)
8.7 4th weeding.(clear weeding)
8.8 Fire protection.(see article 7.8)
(See table 2. work plan for 2-3 years old and check lists.)
- WORK PLAN FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TEAK PLANTATION. (details in table 1)
- WORK PLAN FOR 2-3 YEARS OLD OF TEAK PLANTATION. (details in table 2)
- PROJECTED YIELD PER HA. FOR TECTONA FORESTS OF ZAMBEZIA. (details in table 3)
12. MANPOWER PER HA.
- SILVICULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF TEAK PLANTATIONS.(B. Krishnapillay)
- Management strategies
Teak is an obligate light-demanding species throughout its life cycle. Inferior trees are readily suppressed if stand density is too high. Accordingly, plantations must be thinned regularly and heavily, particularly in the first half of the rotation. Initial planting density is generally between 1,200 and 1,600 plants per hectare.
The spacing of trees and the number, timing and intensity of thinnings strongly affect the pattern of growth and the yield of the plantation. If thinning is practiced late, growth rate decline or cease, whereas if the stand is thinned too early or too heavily, the trees have a greater tendency to produce side branches and epicormic shoots. This also reduces the potential yield of the plantation since growth is diverted from the main stem, which should be free from defects such as those caused by side branches and epicormic shoots.
The timing of the first thinning is often determined by the height of the trees and is commonly carried out when the trees reach 9.0 to 9.5 m. The second thinning may be carried out when the trees reach 17 to 18 m.
The site generally has a carrying capacity independent of initial stocking rates and thinning regimes. The carrying capacity is measured in terms of the basal area(the average cross-sectional area of all trees per unit of land). It is possible to identify the thinning regime necessary to achieve a certain basal area on and area of land by retaining a minimum number of trees. The mean basal area is often allowed to reach 20 to 22m2 per hectare after the second thinning. A third thinning is then carried out to reduce the mean basal area to 13 to 15 m2 per hectare. Thinning and pruning operations have a strong effect on the yield and quality of timber. To produce long boles free from knots, the usual strategy is to keep stands closed using high-density plantings, which remain untwined for the first three or four years of the plantation. The objective is to minimize the size of the crowns and the side branches in order to improve the quality and appearance of the timber and, thereby, its value.
Overall, it is desirable to thin the stand to the number that is optimal for reduction of undue competition and for the best growth of the remaining trees. A final stocking of about 300 trees per hectare would be the ideal.
- Quality of plantation-grown Teak
It has been alleged that Teak obtained from plantations is of inferior physical quality relative to Teak obtained from the natural forest. More variability in wood quality has been observed in Teak obtained from the natural forest than in plantation Teak, and this is undesirable from the point of view of use. The general notion prevailing among Teak uses is that fast-growing Teak produces only light, weak and spongy wood (Bryce, 1966). However, studies conducted at the Forest Research Institute in Dehra Dun, India, do not support this view. Although plantation trees grow faster than forest trees, it has been shown that the relationship between growth rate and strength is not significant.
Studies by Sanwo(1986) based on dominant, and subdominant trees from a 27 year-0ld Teak plantation in Nigeria showed that the rate of growth has no significant influence on specific gravity. Teak wood is generally stronger at the upper and lower ends and comparatively week at intermediate heights. A study on 20-year-old Teak trees grown in plantations in wet areas in India gave similar results.
Other studies have indicated that wood density and mechanical properties are independent of growth rate or that fast-grown trees of ring-porous species have higher wood density and strength . More recently, a study on the wood properties of fast-grown plantation Teak trees of different ages revealed that there were no significant differences in wood density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity(MOE) or maximum crushing stress. It was concluded that young trees(13 to 21 years of age) are not necessarily inferior in wood density and strength to older trees aged 55 and 65 years, and hence that the rotation age of fast-grown Teak wood can be reduced without affecting the timber strength.
Various products such as glue-edged boards, furniture, doors and small Teak wood arte facts have been made from thinning materials, showing that even sapwood can be used to produce high-quality objects.
- TEAK LOG PRICE.
Teak is one of the most valuable of the tropics. It is extensively used for ship building, furniture, carving and numerous other purposes. The properties of Teak which make it so valuable are lightness with strength, stability, durability, ease of working without cracking and splitting, resistance to termites, resistance to fungi, resistance to weather and non-corrosive properties. The physical and mechanical properties of Teak timber are also similar to or even superior to other well-known timbers of the temperate region.
- Myanmar Teak (Aug. 2006)
– Veneer quality.
2nd Quality 1,71,105 Rs/m3.
3rd Quality 1,52,134 Rs/m3.
4th Quality 1,30,457 Rs/m3.
– Sawing quality.
sg-1 97,173 Rs/m3.
sg-2 83,814 Rs/m3.
sg-4 56,059 Rs/m3.
- Thai Teak(2005)
– Plantation Teak.
20 years 61,000 Rs/m3.
15 years 51,850 Rs/m3.
- Costa Rica Teak(2005)
-Plantation Teak.
10 years. = 36,051 Rs/m3. (0.3269 m3/tree)
15 years. = 63,196 Rs/m3. (0.5489 m3/tree)
20 years. = 1,36,091 Rs/m3. (0.8639 m3/tree)
TEAK PLANTATION TECHNICAL CHECK LISTS.
TECH 1 : 5 STEPS FOR STUMP CARING.
- Open stump boxes and adjusted Teak stump in direct standing.
- Keep the stump boxes in plastic dome and shelter.
- Spray fungicide every 3 day.
- If the stump are dry give some water.(by watering pot.)
- In 10 day after Teak arrive you must be finish planting.
TECH 2 : 6 STEPS TO PROTECTS A DEATH OF SEEDLING. (Plantation.)
- Planting skill especially firmness of soil around the roots and planting depth.
- Check for weather forecast, planting when the first heavy rain started.
- Harding and strong seedling are use for the early planting. It do not suffered moisture stress during transportation to site and distribution to planting hole.
- Early planting and control water logging.
- Early weeds control and 4 times weeding are recommended in the first year.
- Mid to late rainy season planting makes Teak stump slow growth and high mortality.
Teak is seasonal growth species. Early planting in the first heavily rain is one best way for productivity.
TECH 3 : 7 STEPS TO MORE PRODUCTIVE TEAK PLANTING.
- Land preparation for planting.(before rainy season.)
– Clear and clean.
– Spacing 2×4 m.
- Early planting give higher growth and low mortality.
– Plant with the first heavy rains.
– Handling seedling with care. Safety moisture contents for seedlings during transportation and distribution.
– Skilled staff only.
– Firmness of soil around the roots and planting depth.
- Control weeds early.
– Control small weeds is easier than large weeds.
– 4 time weeding.
- Check for water logging.
– Digging drained.
– Furrowing.
- Check for insect and pest.
– Control if necessary.
– When it has 6 leaves. Application fertilizer 15 gm./Teak, when soil moisture is good condition only.
- Keep records for evaluation and future planting.
– Rainfall records, costs, manpower.
– Always think of ways to improve.
TECH 4 : 8 PROBLEMS FOR TEAK STAGNATES IN GROWTH. (abnormally and slow growth)
- Poor soil physical./poor drain./ /soil pH.
- Weed competition./inadequate weeding.
- Acute nutrient deficiency.
- Late planting and water logging.
- Insects and fungi damage.
- Poor micorrhiza.
- Lime deficiency induced chlorosis,
- Strong wind and frosts effects.
TECH. 5 : TEAK PLANTING
Early planting
Low costs
Saving losses
Low mortality.
- Nursery and seedling.
- Transportation to site and distribution to planting site.(long distance./many site./road conditions.)
- Land preparation (2 month only)
- Staff training.(early planting.)
– Road and block design.
– Hardening and grading planting stock.
– Planting tech.(crowbar and digging hole.)
– Manual and check lists for Teak productivity.
– Material, equipment and tools.
TECH. 6 : TEAK PLANTATION
2 m. height.
Uniformity.
- Early (Dec.-Jan.)
– Replanting.
– Fertilizer.(NPK : 30 gm./Teak.) when moisture soil.
– Pruning double leader and
basal shoot.
- Insect and pest control.
- Training course.
– Manual, Check lists.
– Skills technique.
TECH. 7 : 6 STEPS FOR TEAK PLANTATION TECHNIQUES.
The following techniques are usually carried out for Teak plantation establishment.
STEP 1 Site preparation
– Demarcation
– Blocking
– Brushing
– Felling
– Burning and Packing(2 times) Summer.
STEP 2 Preparation for planting
– Supply of Pegs.
– Peg transportation.
– Lining and Pegging.
– Seedling/transport.
STEP 3 Planting hole.(30x30x30 cm.)
STEP 4 Planting and replanting/beating-up.
– Planting of seedlings.
– Replanting.
STEP 5 Maintenance.(Tending operation) Rainy
– 1st weeding
– 2nd weeding
– 3rd weeding
– 4th weeding and mulching.
STEP 6 Fire protection.
– Fire tracing and clearing
– Fire guard man.Winter &Summer.
– Fire fighting team.
TECH. 8 : PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH OUR PEOPLE(1-3 YEARS.)
- BLOCK MANAGEMENT
- 1 BLOCK = 35 ha.(43,750 Teak.)
= learder
=m cel.
- WOODLOTS MANAGEMENT.
- 1 WOODLOTS = 2 ha.=100X200 m. = 20,000 m.2
= 2,500 Teak.
= 1-2 man.(family)
(LAND CLEARING, PLANTING, 4 WEEDING)
TECH. 9 : TRAINNING PROGRAM FOR TECTONA FORESTS
- MANAGEMENT & STAFF COURSE :
– PLANNING PLANTATION.
– BUGGET.
– WORK PROGRESS.
- TECHNICIAL & SUPERVISOR COURSE :
– SEEDLING TECHNIQUE.
– NURSERY TECHNIQUE.
– LAND PREPARATION
– MARKING & PEGGING & HOLING TECHNIQUE
– PLANTING TECHNIQUE
– FERTILIZER TECHNIQUE
– WEEDING TECHNIQUE
– FIRE PROTECTION.
– PRUNING TECHNIQUE
- LEARDER COURSE :
– LAND PREPARATION
– PEGGING & HOLING
– PLANTING
– FERTILIZER
– PRUNNING.
– WEEDING
– INSECT & PEST CONTROL.
– FIRE PROTECTION.
TECH.10 : SUSTAINABLE PLANTATION MANAGEMENT.(FSC)
– Economic sustainability.
– Social sustainability.
– Environmental sustainability
FSC. Criteria: environment sustainability.
– Conservation zone = 5% of total area.
– Standing tree along stream bank.
– Buffer zone/ecological corridor
– Key habitat or biotope area.
– Endanger species.
– Very old tree or big tree.
– Animal and bird living tree.
– Semi natural forest.
– Fruit tree.
– Genetic tree/herb tree.
– High erosion area.
Considering managing for wood products and environmental(soil, water, habitat and landscape) and conservation of suitable native forest areas
TECH. 11 : COVER CROP AND INTER PLANTING.
–Individual Teak plantations or block will not exceed 100 ha. To prevent pest out breaks and large clearing in any year.
-Inter planting with Leucaena leucocephala in creased tree height by 16 % and diameter by 20 % in the second year. Inter cropping with agricultural crops such as mountain rice, corn, pine apple also benefits young Teak trees.
-The planting of Teak intercropped with crops during initial stages is beneficial to both agriculture and forest, with crops promoting the growth of Teak.
-Leguminous species mixed with Teak, such as soya bean, cassia siamea in appropriate ratio and with good regulating measures cause no ill effect on Teak growth and returns organic matter to the soil as well as restricting weed invasion.
Plantations for high value clear wood > a long term asset > +15 years > do the planting carefully.
TECH.12 : SOILS.
- Soil examination.
-Soil type.
-Soil compaction.
-Soil texture.
-Soil depth.
-Drainage capacity of the soil.
- Soil color.
-Redish-brown, red and dark-brown soils, particularly in sub soil and soil pH. 6-6.5 are suitable for Teak plantations.
-Yellow grey, like-brown and white soils are temporary to permanent water logged conditions.(unsuitable.)
- Soil analysis.
-A chemical analysis is necessary to determine lime or NPK. requirements. Soil where Teak are to be planted should be sampled at least 9 months prior to planting.
-A soil analysis after planting will indicate the availability of nutrients in the soils.
- Leaf analysis.
-A leaf analysis provides information on the uptake of nutrients by the plant.
TECH. 13 : CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
- Rainfall : September 50 October 85 mm.
November 110mm. December 140 mm.
January 140 mm. February 140 mm.
- Seasons : Spring(summer) = August. – September.
Rainy = November.- June.
Winter = June. – August.
- Regions : Warm regions is best growing for Teak than cool regions.
- Wind : Strong wind resulting in lower Teak productivity.
- Elevation : Elevation < 2,000 feet is good for Teak.
- Frost : No frost.
- Slope : Teak grow well on soil with a slight slope, which enables the run-off or drainages of excess water and thus prevent water logging. Teak roots will die off in over saturated soil as a result of a lack of aerations.
- Teak internodes : Long internodes are an indication of vigorous and healthy trees.
TECH. 14 : SOIL pH. AND LIME REQUIREMENTS.
- Red and yellow-brown soils with clay content of between 15 and 40 % seem to be the most suitable for Teak
- Teak trees grown best in soil with pH. Values 6 to 7.5
- At pH. Values lower or higher than 6 to 7.5 the trees may suffer trace-element deficiencies, especially phosphate and potassium.
- Calcium and phosphate are elements which move very slow downwards in soils. Should there be a shortage of one of these elements, especially in the sub soil, incorporation should be made during soil preparation or holing.
- Lime, normally dolomite, supplied the soil with the important nutrients, calcium and magnesium, while also reducing soil acidity and potential toxic elements such as aluminum and manganese. It is important that lime be broadcast and incorporated in to the soil drown to the depth of at least 30 cm. before planting. Supply early in the season but not with the same weeks of nitrogen applications.
- The application of phosphate fertilizer promotes growth, 50-200 g. of calcium phosphate may be applies to the planted holes according to the size of the young trees during initial growing stage each year.
TECH. 15 : THE GOOD MANAGEMENT.
- Establish more new plantations.
- Consider managing for both wood products and environmental.
- Plantations cost a lot to establish with returns often decade later.
- Growing trees well requires a mixture of skills, training and obtaining the right technical information is important.
- Do the essentials properly :
-Planning & nursery
-Site preparation.
-Planting.
-Pruning & Thinning.
- Balance the need for an interests with the costs of managing the land sustainable :
-Carefully planning.
-Evaluating all the options for each areas.
-Having a whole plan and good map.
-Having the discipline to do tasks.
Plantation for high value clear wood Teak >a long term asset >+15 years>do the planning carefully.
TECH. 16 : TECTONA GRANDIS FORM ENCYCLOPEDIA.
TEAK, a tall, stately forest tree, Tectona grandis, of the verbena family, renowned for its excellent timber. It is native to southeastern Asia, and commercial supplies come from India, Burma, Thailand, and the island of Java. Much of the timber has been depleted by cutting. The tree, which grows to a height of 100 to 150 ft. and has a trunk 3 to 8 ft. in or bluish flowers in terminal clusters, and globular fruits about the size of cherries, containing oily seeds. Teak wood is hard, heavy, and strong, and the brown heartwood is nearly immune to decay. Its shrinkage in drying is very small, close to that of mahogany, and it is used in the United States and Europe chiefly for the decking of large and expensive vessels; for cabin interiors of small pleasure boats, ships, and yachts; and for the interior finish of fine residences, club rooms, and bank buildings.
TECH. 17 : SITE, TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY.
The need to maximize the a mount of wood produced per unit area is now widely appreciated the plantation. To this end, faster growing and higher yielding tree plantations are rapidly replacing the natural forests and harvested trees are becoming more completely used.
Traditionally foresters are interested mainly in the volume of merchantable stem wood produced in a forest stand. The growth of this portion of the tree is however determined by the rate of diameter growth and clear stem development. In teak, this clear stem is often determined by terminal inflorescence which usually marks the beginning of heavy branching. Teak differs from other trees since it flowers quite early and usually flowers on the main shoot only. Teak generally flowers in the fifth or sixth year but in the places it may flower as early as two year of age. General observations indicate that that the main shoot which has been flowered will partly die-back, and some lateral buds at the base of the inflorescence grow up into two or more shoots. These shoots may develop in to big branches of equal size that competing with each other and causing the trees to become forked. Teak flowing causes die-back of the leader and if two or more competing leaders the bole.
TECH. 18 : TEAK PLANTATION AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.
Recently, the social forestry effort has been introduced and the agro forestry system applied in plantation areas where local people need land for their livelihood. These efforts are at the increasing share of forest and forestry in the improvement of living of the rural people in particular and in regional development in general. This effort will create two main objective, namely welfare to the people and well managed teak plantation which in turn better quality of life.
We Provide all types of Teak Plants in Andhrapradesh, Gujrat, Himanchal, Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Tamilnadu, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttarpradesh, Madhyapradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West bengal, Odisha, Maharastra and karnatka , India , Tanzania , USA , Africa , Dubai and other countries also . We team of more than 1,00,000 farmers all over India who are skilled in Teak Plantation and performing amazing results in last 60years . We provide all species of teak plants in PAN India as well as in Abroad , We INDIA PLANTATION known for quality & services all over the world.
WHY TISSUE CULTURE TEAK (SAGWAN)
With international boycotts on harvesting natural teak the only alternative supply is cultivated plantations. Our teak trees are grown from tissue culture and selected certified seed which when cultivated using our intensive husbandry methods can be harvested within 7 to 9 yrs cycles or else according to demand. Tissue cultivation allows for faster planting cycles of between 7 to 9 years as per demand of the market, rather than 20-25 years. This proven method also delivers consistent tree quality which in turn gives higher yields and quality.
FAST GROWING SPECIES: TEAK TISSUE CULTURE :
Good & Safe Investment and Big Return in 7-9 Years .At just six months teak trees are already approximately 10 feet high. By year 2 they are well established as young durable trees starting to gain considerable canopy mass, and reach maturity at 7 to 9 years accordingly. High carbon sequestration: In line with its fast growth rates, teak also has one of the fastest carbon sequestration rates. Carbon is removed from the atmosphere and stored in the wood at very high levels. Project dependent this may give teak additional value on the future carbon markets as the world moves to a carbon-indexed economy.
LAND PREPARATION CHART
Teak & Eucalyptus can be planted at 2m x 2m, 2.5m x 2.5m or 3m x 3m espacement. It can also be raised along with agricultural crops at a spacing of 4m x 4m or 5m x 1m.
Plough lands thoroughly and level it of. Mark the areas for pit digging by alignment and staking.
Dig pits of 35 x 35 x 35 cm sizes. Refill the soil after seasoning and mixing with Farm Yard Manure and insecticides. On poor gravely sites, replace the pit soil by good soil.
Use pre sprouted stumps for planting.
Best planting season is from feb – sep or in rainy season.
Firm up the soil after planting and apply irrigation wherever necessary.
Apply 50 g of fertilizer in pit at the time of planting and thereafter in split doses or as per the fertility status of soil.
Carry out weeding operations regularly. Weeding may be carried out @ 3 operations in the first year, 2 operations in second year and one operation in the third year.
Carry out soil working periodically for better growth of plants. One working in the Ist year and two workings in 2nd and 3rd year may be adequate. We are providing teak plants in Andhrapradesh, teak plants in Gujrat, teak plants in Himanchal, teak plants in Haryana, teak plants in Punjab, teak plants in Uttarakhand, teak plants in Tamilnadu, teak plants in Chhattisgarh, teak plants in Delhi, teak plants in Rajasthan, teak plants in Uttar Pradesh, teak plants in Madhya Pradesh, teak plants in Bihar, teak plants in Jharkhand, teak plants in West Bengal, teak plants in Odisha, teak plants in Maharastra, teak plants in karnatka, teak plants in India, Teak Plants in Tanzania, Teak Plants in USA
Solar India
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana प्रधानमंत्री कृषि सिंचाई योजना
भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में कृषि क्षेत्र पर निर्भर है। एक बड़ी आबादी को अनिवार्य रूप से प्रत्येक वर्ष बढ़ रही खाद्य मांगों को संबोधित करने के लिए एक की जरूरत में तब्दील हो। एक नीचे सामान्य मानसून पिछले साल up.Over ratcheting खाद्य वस्तुओं की कीमतों में भेजता है जब इस निर्भरता सबसे अच्छा एक साल में देखा जाता है, एल नीनो घटना की आशंका चिंतित किसानों और अर्थशास्त्रियों रखा है। किसान होने वाली मौतों की संख्या भी देश भर में दर्ज किया गया है। इनमें से अधिकांश वर्षा और अपर्याप्त सिंचाई की कमी से पीछा फसल की विफलता से जुड़ी हैं। खाद्य और खुदरा मुद्रास्फीति स्थिति के लिए प्राकृतिक परिणाम होंगे रहे हैं और इस अर्थव्यवस्था दर्द होता है। 2014-15 में देश में खाद्यान्न उत्पादन के बारे में 5.3 कृषि उत्पादकता में सुधार करने के प्रयास cent.In प्रति से गिरा दिया, भारत की सरकार ने एक नई योजना के साथ आ गया है, प्रधानमंत्री कृषि Sinchai योजना (PMKSY)। समाचार रिपोर्टों के अनुसार, प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की अध्यक्षता में हुई, जो आर्थिक मामलों की मंत्रिमंडलीय समिति (सीसीईए), scheme.Indian वित्त मंत्री अरुण जेटली के विवरण को अंतिम रूप कैबिनेट “का फैसला किया है कि ने कहा कि 5 साल में, भारतीय रुपये 50,000 केंद्रीय बजट से करोड़ प्रधानमंत्री कृषि Sinchai योजना के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाएगा। अमेरिका ‘शेयर’ से अधिक और ऊपर किया जाएगा। पैसे खेत की पैदावार और उत्पादकता में सुधार लाने की दिशा में पूरी तरह से खर्च की जाएगी, उन्होंने कहा। खर्च लक्ष्य, योजना के तहत चालू वित्त वर्ष के लिए के बारे में भारतीय रुपये 5300 करोड़ रुपए है। इस पहले बजट में किसी भी कृषि सिंचाई योजना के लिए अलग सेट लगभग दो बार कोष है। से अधिक और केंद्र सरकार के आवंटन से ऊपर, राज्यों योजना एक सफलता निकला scheme.If करने के लिए अपने धन जोड़ना होगा, अर्थशास्त्रियों और ग्रामीण प्रबंधकों फसल उत्पादन कई गुना वृद्धि देखी जा सकती है कि विश्वास करते हैं।
प्रधानमंत्री कृषि Sinchai योजना का विवरण
वर्तमान अनुमानों के अनुसार, भारत में कृषि भूमि के 142 लाख हेक्टेयर से बाहर के बारे में केवल 45 फीसदी कृत्रिम सिंचाई के लिए किसी भी व्यवस्था है। कृषि फार्म के बाकी पूरी तरह से इसके पानी की जरूरत के लिए वर्षा पर निर्भर है। वर्षा या एक विफलता में एक देरी की फसल में किसानों और कमी के लिए आपदा लोगों को पेश आ रही बाद में इस बात की चिंता है मंत्र। भारत की सरकार के बारे में भारतीय रुपये 5300 करोड़ रुपये इस वित्त वर्ष में खर्च करके कृषि भूमि का एक अतिरिक्त 6 लाख हेक्टेयर सिंचाई के तहत लाया जा सकता है कि अनुमान है। इसके अलावा, देश के 5 लाख हेक्टेयर में भी एक परिणाम के रूप में ड्रिप सिंचाई का लाभ प्राप्त होगा। लघु सिंचाई परियोजनाओं (‘हर खेत को पानी “) और अंत करने के लिए अंत सिंचाई समाधान भी खराब धन की पर्याप्तता के बावजूद पिछली सरकारों द्वारा लागू किया गया है कि विभिन्न सिंचाई परियोजनाओं के लिए जिम्मेदारी मान जाएगा इस scheme.The इस योजना का प्रमुख ध्यान केंद्रित किया जाएगा । इन परियोजनाओं को सख्त गुणवत्ता के दिशा निर्देशों के आधार पर सुधार किया जाएगा। अब समाचार रिपोर्टों के completed.According किया जाएगा अधर में लटकी बनी है उस के बारे में 1,300 वाटरशेड परियोजनाओं के वित्त मंत्री PMKSY का प्रमुख उद्देश्य, क्षेत्र स्तर पर सिंचाई में निवेश के अभिसरण प्राप्त सुनिश्चित सिंचाई के तहत कृषि योग्य क्षेत्र का विस्तार करने के लिए है, “कहा इस योजना के एग्री टेक इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर फंड के रूप में निर्धारित किया जाएगा, (सिंचाई परियोजनाओं से .Apart “सटीक सिंचाई और अन्य पानी की बचत प्रौद्योगिकी के गोद लेने में वृद्धि, पानी के अपव्यय को कम करने के लिए भारतीय रुपये 200 करोड़ रुपये पर खेत जल उपयोग दक्षता में सुधार आतिफ) – राष्ट्रीय कृषि बाजार (एनएएम) को बढ़ावा देने के लिए आवश्यक कोष। यह किसानों को उनकी उपज की बिक्री के लिए बाजार में आसानी से प्रवेश दे देंगे। एफएम को भी इस योजना के लिए बजटीय आवंटन मनरेगा (महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम) की सामग्री घटक में टाई हो सकता है कि कहा।
सिंचाई और जल संरक्षण
जल संरक्षण और अपव्यय पर नीचे काटने देश में हर खेत को सिंचाई सुविधा लाने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। यह स्थायी जल संरक्षण प्रथाओं और नई सिंचाई सुविधाओं की शुरूआत के रूप में बस के रूप में महत्वपूर्ण जल संसाधनों के अनुकूलन (ड्रॉप प्रति अधिक फसल) की शुरूआत में आता है। PMKSY भी इलाज के लिए और इन सिंचाई परियोजनाओं के लिए नगर निगम के पानी का फिर से उपयोग करने के तरीकों का एक नंबर का पता लगाने जाएगा। जल रिसाइकिलिंग योजना की सफलता में बहुत महत्व धारण करेगा, एफएम कहा। इन योजनाओं में निजी निवेश को भी सरकार द्वारा अनुरोध किया जाएगा।
कार्यक्रम संरचना
योजना और प्रधानमंत्री कृषि Sinchai योजना के क्रियान्वयन करेगा विकेन्द्रीकृत कर दिया गया है और राज्यों अब इन जिला सिंचाई योजनाओं (डुबकी) और राज्य सिंचाई योजनाओं (सिप) को इसके सफल execution.The लंबी अवधि के पालन के लिए जिला स्तरीय योजनाओं आकर्षित करेगा शामिल विभिन्न मंत्रालयों से प्रतिनिधित्व के साथ एक राष्ट्रीय संचालन समिति (एनएससी) की देखरेख के द्वारा किया और केन्द्रीय मंत्रियों द्वारा निगरानी की जाएगी। प्रधानमंत्री ने खुद इस योजना का committee.The कार्यान्वयन NITI Aayog के उपाध्यक्ष की अध्यक्षता में किया जाएगा, जो एक राष्ट्रीय कार्यकारिणी समिति (एनईसी) ने कुर्सी देखरेख की जाएगी जाएगा।
PMKSY और किसान समर्थक योजनाएं
प्रधानमंत्री कृषि Sinchai योजना राजग सरकार के प्रयासों को लागू करने के लिए कि किसान समर्थक उपायों के एक समूह का हिस्सा है। इससे पहले, मोदी के नेतृत्व में मंत्रिमंडल जिनकी भूमि विभिन्न परियोजनाओं के कार्यान्वयन के लिए केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा अर्जित कर रहे हैं उन किसानों को लाभ होने की संभावना है जो 2013 के भूमि अधिग्रहण अधिनियम में विभिन्न संशोधनों पर सहमति व्यक्त की। इन के अलावा, राजग सरकार ग्रामीण गरीबों पर विशेष जोर देने के साथ, देश में गरीब जनता का बहुत सुधार पर लक्षित सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजनाओं (पेंशन, बीमा योजनाओं आदि) के एक नंबर शुरू किया है। जैविक खेती के प्रयासों का समर्थन करने के लिए एक योजना – इससे पहले इस साल, सरकार Paramparagat कृषि विकास योजना शुरू की थी। Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
PM Narendra Modi visits Australian varsity to get information of Agriculture
Brisbane: Research is the mother of development, visiting Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi wrote on an agricultural robot developed by the Queensland University of Technology(QUT) during a visit to the university here on Friday.
In his first engagement at Brisbane, where he landed earlier in the day on the second leg of his three-nation visit, Modi visited the QUT.
There was palpable excitement among the student community, which also includes a large number of those of Indian origin.
Modi was asked to write a message on the agricultural robot, and he wrote in Hindi “research is the mother of development”, according to a tweet by the ministry of external affairs spokesperson Syed Akbaruddin.
Curious students gathered around the robot to read what the Indian Prime Minister had written.
A translation of the entire message was posted by the university.
It read: “Research is key to development. There is ongoing relationship between development journey of humankind and research. Increasing dominance of science and technology in the field of agriculture will surely prove to be beneficial to farmers and to the field of agriculture as a whole. It is an important endeavour for the welfare of mankind. Best wishes for your effort.”
The Agro Robot is a lightweight machine that performs the functions of a large tractor, including weeding.
Modi took a walk around the university to learn more about the agricultural research going on there, including how to enhance the bio-technological processes to fortify bananas with more iron content.
The Prime Minister also wished the children on Children’s Day, celebrated on the birth anniversary of India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
“I am fortunate to be among children on Chacha Nehru’s birthday,” an MEA tweet cited Modi as saying.
Many researchers of the Indian origin community were seen taking selfies with the Prime Minister.
Modi met researchers, the student community and got an update on projects focused on bio-fuels, bio-fortification and agro-robotics.
Modi arrived earlier in the day from Myanmar to attend the G20 summit.
He is the first Indian prime minister to visit Australia since Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.
Modi was received at the airport by Queensland Premier Campbell Newman.
Indian High Commissioner in Australia Biren Nanda was present.
In Australia, Modi will attend the G20 summit in Brisbane Nov 15-16 and also hold talks with Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott in Canberra during his five-day stay here.
Among his other engagements here Friday is a reported bilateral meeting scheduled with British Prime Minister David Cameron. PM Narendra Modi visits Australian varsity to get information of Agriculture
Government Lunched Soil Health Card (SHC) for Indian Farmers
In February 2015, the Narendra Modi government had launched the Soil Health Card Scheme. Under this programme, the government plans to issue soil card to farmers to help them get a good harvest by studying the quality of soil. According to the scheme, the objective is to issue the soil cards to about 14 crore farmers spread all over India. The card is a printed report. It will be given to farmers once in three years for his farm or land holding.
What is soil health card?
The soil health card studies and reviews the health of soil or rather we can say a complete evaluation of the quality of soil right from its functional characteristics, to water and nutrients content and other biological properties. It will also contain corrective measures that a farmer should adopt to obtain a better yield.
How does it help the farmers?
- With the issue of the card, the farmers will get a well-monitored report of the soil which is chosen for cultivation of crops.
- The monitoring will be done on a regular basis.
- The farmers will be guided by experts to come up with solutions to improve the quality of the soil.
- Regular monitoring will help the farmers to get a long-term soil health record and accordingly can study and evaluate the results of different soil management practices.
- This card can become most helpful and effective when filled out regularly by the same person over a period of time.
- The idea is not to compare the varied soil types but to find out methods to improve soil fertility, to access the different types of soil and their ability to support crop production in spite of their limitations and as per their abilities.
- The soil card will help the farmers to get an idea on the crop-wise recommendations of nutrients and fertilizers required in each type of soil. This can help in increasing the crop yield.
The Process
The various soil testing laboratories in the country will carry out the testing of the soil samples, the results of which will be analysed by the experts. The results are related to the strength and weaknesses of the soil. The experts also suggest methods to improve the soil quality. These results and suggestions are displayed in the soil health cards.
How far is the scheme successful?
With the launch of the scheme in February 2015, in the first phase, the target was to cover 84 lakh cards. But till July 2015, 34 lakh cards have been issued. This is a flagship programme for the agricultural sector of the country. Among all the states in India, it is Andhra Pradesh which has taken the lead in distribution of the Soil Health Cards to farmers. Two other states, Tamil Nadu and Punjab have collected the maximum amount of soil samples for testing during the kharif season. However, Tamil Nadu has not distributed the cards yet. Other states which are taking the lead are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Odisha. Farmers in states like Haryana, Kerala, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Gujarat, Uttarakhand and West Bengal have not been issued a single card as against the targets set for them for 2015-16.
Launching of soil health card web portal
In order to make the scheme more successful, the government of India, along with the agriculture department of India, has launched a soil health card agriculture portal. In fact two other agri-portals have been recently launched – Fertiliser Quality Control System and Participatory Guarantee System portal.
What is the soil health card portal?
The farmers need to register at the web portal www.soilhealth.dac.gov.in along with the details of the soil samples and test lab reports. Once registered, the farmer can keep a track of the following in the portal:
Soil Samples Registration
- Test Results by Soil Testing Labs
- Fertilizer and Nutrients Recommendations
- Soil Health Card generation
- MIS module for monitoring progress
The basic objective behind the launch of the web portal is to create a single national database on soil health which can be used in the future for research and planning both by farmers and soil experts. Right now the portal is in English. Very soon, it will have content in regional languages too.
Plantation Tender in Haryana
Plantation Tender in Haryana
Tender Basic Info :
| Reference No | : | 7724864 |
| Tender No | : | ME/PWL/17 |
| Tender Brief | : | Tenders for Plantation Of Trees And Plants To Make Parks More Greener And Healthier In M C Palwal |
| Location | : | Palwal – Haryana |
| Tender Type | : | Contract |
| Ownership | : | Corporations And Associations And Others |
Value Classification :
| Tender Value | : | 550000.00 |
| EMD | : | 20000.00 |
| Document Fees | : | 500.00 |
Date Classification :
| Publish Date | : | 06 Aug, 2015 |
| Last Date of Bid Submission | : | 08 Aug, 2015 |
| Tender Opening Date | : | 08 Aug, 2015 |
Tender Brief :
Plantation Tender in M C Palwal Haryana for Plantation Of Trees And Plants To Make Parks More Greener And Healthier.
Plantation Tender in Haryana
Subabul Plantation
Subabul Plantation
Subabul Plant is a wonderful fuel, fodder and fertilizer tree. It suits well for farm forestry. Besides, it can be raised even on soils with average fertility status and under unfavourable climatic conditions. This website www.indiaplantation.com describes the cultivation of subabul in simple and easy form. Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) is a tropical tree with a wide range of uses. Foresters and farmers are exploring its potential and the area planted to this crop is expanding rapidly. The subabul originated in the Central America and spread probably as a result of its use as fodder for animals on ship-board to Philippines, Guyana, some Spanish islands, Netherlands, New Guinea, Malaysia, Hawaii, Australia, India, Africa etc. In India it is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
Subabul under optimum growing conditions have yielded extr-ordinary amount of wood, which is the highest annual total ever recorded. It also produces quality forage, which provides highest weight gain in cattle. Its additional uses include silage, hay, living hedges, source of black dyes, decorations, erosion controls, revegetation of hill slopes, provision of wind breaks, shade and roadside beautification. Coffee, cocoa, cinchona, pepper, vanilla and other shade-loving crops grow well beneath subabul shade. Leucaena is a species of the family Leguminosae. It makes symbiotic partnership with Rhizobium bacteria and requires no nitrogenous fertilizers. It is known as wonder tree because of its many-fold uses. Subabul Plantation is good for investment as well as for making herbs .
Climate
Subabul is a tree of the tropics and subtropics and it grows up to an elevation of about 500 metres. It is capable of withstanding large variations in rainfall, temperature, wind and drought. lit requires Warm climate. The best growth is obtained in areas with 600 -1700 mm annual rainfall. It thrives well under high light intensities i.e. best in full sun. It can also grow in areas where a minimum of 250 mm annual rainfall, though gives less yield. It can withstand drought and in some areas where it grows naturally, there is practically no rain for 8-10 months in a year.
Soils
The roots of subabul plant can reach deep for nutrients and water, thus plant can tolerate a wide array of soil conditions. It thrives well in soils with textures varying from rock to heavy clay. It has considerable salt tolerance and often survives in exposed coastal areas. It grows well in neutral or alkaline soils with pH 6.0 -7.7.
Varieties
A number of subabul varieties are grown, which differ enormously in their size, form and production. Based upon their use, these have been classified into following groups.
A. Peru type
Varieties in this group are profusely branching and bushy type. They are shrubs with average height of 5 m at maturity. They produce little trunk, but extremely high quantity of foliage. These are suitable for fodder, shade-tree for coffee, cocoa, cinchona, pepper, vanilla etc. Indian varieties K-8, K-28 and K-67 are recommended for fodder production and grassland pastures.
B. Hawaiian type
Varieties in this group are trees, that grow taller than 20 m and produce less branches. These are suitable as shade-tree in tea gardens. These types are grown on forest land for timber-wood and regions of soil erosion.
C. Salvador type
Plants of this variety are like trees of varying height. These are also known as arboreal or Guatemala types. These are extremely high yielding varieties and are used as source of timber wood and industrial fuel for thermal power stations.
Seed and Sowing
Goods seeds should be selected and treated before storage as well as sowing. Treatment before sowing are of various kinds as explained here.
A. Selection of seed and its storage
Ripe pods of subabul plant from the mother tree are collected before they open to scatter the seed on the ground. The pods are spread to dry on a hard surface such as concrete floor or canvass in a well ventilated room or out in the open. On drying, the pods are stirred and the seed is collected. The seed should be dried before storage. About 25 seeds weigh one gram. The seed to be stored are treated with insecticides such as Malathion or Metoxychlor or with a fungicide as it is liable to be attacked by insects and fungi. The seed should be stored in airtight containers at about l0oC. Seeds stored under such conditions retain viability for longer periods. If not properly stored, the seed loses about 50% viability in 4-5 months.
B. Pre-sowing seed treatments
Subabul tree seed coat is hard and waxy. Some seed-born diseases damage the crop Therefore, some pre-sowing treatments to the seed are necessary. These are described here.
- Treatment for hard-waxy seed coat
To obtain high and uniform germination, following methods of seed treatment are adopted.
- Heat treatment
This is the best method of treating large quantities of seed. The seeds are dipped in hot water at 800c for 5 minutes. Treated seeds are dried before sowing.
- Acid treatment
In this method, the seeds are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid for 10 minutes and then washed thoroughly. Since it is a concentrated acid great care must be taken to avoid any injury to a person treating the seed.
- Mechanical scratching
In this method, seeds are rubbed against sand or rough stony surface. It may be done by putting the seed in a rotating drum lined with sand paper. Care must be taken that at the time of scratching, the ovary should not be injured. By this method only a small number of seeds can be treated.
- Treatment against diseases
The germinating seeds are attacked by Fusarium and Aspergillus fungi. Coating the seeds with 7.5% a.i. Arasan- 75WP and covering the seed coat with latex, protects the seed against fungal attack and increases seed germination.
- Inoculation with Rhizobium
Subabul tree seed requires inoculation with specific strain of Rhizobium bacteria to ensure nodulation of the roots and nitrogen fixation as this crop is not indigenous to India. For neutral or slightly alkaline soils, acid exuding strain of rhizobium like NGR -8 or NGR -35 is used. For acidic soils, alkaline exuding strain like CB 81 or CIA T 1967 may be necessary. The inoculant Rhizobium culture is mixed with an adhesive like 2% arabic solution and the seeds are coated with this adhesive-inoculant mixture and then some dry coating material as lime is added and seed is pelleted. Another method is to mix the Rhizobium culture in 10% WN gur (jaggery) solution and coat the seed. The seed can also be inoculated after scarification by simply soaking the seeds in a solution of rhizobium and water. About 250 g of Rhizobium culture is sufficient to treat about 20 kg seed. The treated seed is dried in shade and should not be stored for more than a week before sowing. In the absence of bacterial culture, a pinch of soil from the subabul growing field may be spread for better results.
- Treatment with fungus
In addition to Rhizobium, the growth of a beneficial mycorrhizal fungus, on the roots and root hairs of subabul, produces a vast network of its hyphae which helps the plant in obtaining and making more efficient use of mineral nutrients and thus subabul can grow well in soils low in minerals such as phosphorus.
Sowing
Sowing implies raising seedlings in the nurseries and then transplanting or sowing seeds directly into the fields.
- Nursery raising technique
Seedling can be raised in nursery beds or in polythene bags.
- In nursery beds
The best way of cultivation of the subabul is raising the seedlings of the crop and transplanting them in the main field. The seedlings are grown in well prepared fine textured soil. About 8- 10 kg seed is required to raise the required number of seedlings for fodder. Sowing in the nursery is done in March -April depending upon the climatic conditions of the locality. Treated seeds are sown in line 30 cm apart at a distance of 5 cm at the depth of 1.5 centimeter. lrrigations and weedings are given as and when required. The seedlings attain plantable size by July -August.
- In polythene bags
Seedlings can be raised in polythene bags, filled with soil, sand and F.Y.M. in the ratio of 1:1:1. Two seeds are sown per polythene bag a depth 1.5 centimeter. If both the seeds in a bag germinate, one is gently clipped off, ensuring the least disturbance to the roots of the required seedling. Shifting the places of the polythene bags at an interval of a month is necessary, as the tap-roots of the seedlings develop fast and pierce through the bag and hold the soil below.
- Field planting
Planting of the seedlings in the main field is done in July-August. Planting for fodder requires trench formation, while plantation of forest trees requires pit formation, one month before planting. Trenches of size 30×30 cm or pits of size 30x30x30 cm are dug. The space between trenches for fodder may be 1 m to 2 m, and 3-4 m for fodder-cum-intercrop cultivation. The space between pits for forest may be 3×10 m depending upon requirement. A soil mixture containing F. Y.M. @ 5-10 tonnes/ha, 20 kg 10 % BHC dust/ba, 15-20 g N/ha, 15-30 kg P 2°/ba and 2-4 tonnes lime/ha (if soil pH is 5.0) is filled in trenches. Seedlings are planted at the spacing of 25 cm in trench-lines for fodder during monsoon season or is irrigated immediately after planting. Approximately more than 10,000 seedlings/ha are sufficient to get maximum fodder yield. A soil mixture containing 5g F.Y.M, 10 g N, 20 g P 2°5′ and 15 g BHC per pit is filled in the pits for forest plantations.
Nursery raised seedlings are planted out with earth balls. In case of polythene bag raised seedlings, the bag is removed before planting, but care is taken to ensure that the soil column enclosing the roots is not broken during the removal of polythene bag or during planting. Pruning of the lower branches is helpful in areas of low and erratic rainfall. The old nursery stock can be used for stump planting.
- Direct sowing
Sometimes, direct sowing of the seed by broadcasting or seed drill, is done for fodder production only. For this purpose the best is monsoon season. The spacing of 60 cm between lines and 30 cm among plants is suitable. The land Should be well prepared and 8 – 10 tonnes of F.Y.M., 30 kg phosphate and 20 kg nitrogen per hectare along with 20 kg 10 %. B.H.C dust may be mixed while ploughing the field. Seeds may be planted to the depth of 1.5-2 cm, approximately 10-20 kg/seed is required for direct sowing.
Fertilizer Application
Subabul is a leguminous crop, therefore, it does not require much nitrogenous fertilizers for normally good soils. If soil is poor, based upon soil-test, the additional fertilizers can be applied. Without any soil test, a safe dose of 20-25 kg N/ha and 30-35kg p 20/ha can be applied before sowing. It gives a good start to the crop. The application of phosphatic fertilizers once in two years, before monsoon helps to maintain the production.
Irrigation
Irrigations are necessary to the developing seedlings in the field, since roots have not sufficiently penetrated to the safe depth in the sub-soil to make contacts with soil-moisture. Subabul is a deep-rooted crop and withstands sufficient prolonged drought conditions up to 8 months. In situation of prolonged drought, irrigation at an interval of two months keeps on the normal growth.
Field Management
Following procedures should be followed to maximize yield.
A. Weeding and interculture
Weeding and interculture can be done together by hoeing. However interculture also includes measures taken against frost, wild animals etc.
- Hoeing
During the growing seedling period, hand weeding is necessary. Since the crop is much responsive to shade and photo-period, free from weed competition are quite suitable for the development of the seedlings. Once the seedlings are developed (2m), they become hardy and can compete with the weeds well. Subabul seedlings are slow-growing in the beginning and are likely to be suppressed by weeds. The bushes which may shade the seedlings, should be cut. On large areas, the use of herbicides is an option. So far, no entirely satisfactory herbicide available.
- Protection against frost
In some areas of north India which experience frost during winter, shading the seedlings to protect them against frost is necessary. Irrigation in frost periods may also be helpful.
- Fencing against animals
Subabul is a fodder which is palatable to most of the animals such as snails, rats, rabbits, deer, monkey etc. Therefore, effective fencing is also necessary to keep these animals out of the plantation area.
Intercropping
The subabul grown for intercropping is planted in trench lines 3-4 m apart or more. The pits for forest plantation are at 3x 10m or any convenient spacing. Thus any suitable crop like corn, sorghum, any cereal, oil, or bushy or non-bushy annuals or perennial crop can be grown in between the space.
Crop rotation
The subabul plantation depending upon its use for industrial, fuel or fodder is cleared before 6 years and the fields are again prepared and planted as per requirements with any new crop or with new seedlings of this crop.
Pests and Diseases
The following are the major pests and diseases of subabul.
A. Pests
The most serious insect pests attack young seedlings. Mound- building ant causes a severe damage in some regions by eating the leaves and back of young seedlings. An occasional problem on seedlings and young shoots is caused by the mealy bug, but normally it is kept under control by predatory insects. Twig borer (Xyleborus morigerus) feeds on the sap of the leaves and branches. Seed weevil (Arecerus fasciculatus) attacks the young pods and eats the developing seeds. Seed yield also is greatly reduced by the larva of the moth lthome lassula, which feeds on the flower heads. However, this is usually of little economic consequence unless the trees are being grown for seed production.
Control
Spraying with BHC WP or DDT WP or Endrine 0.02% solution at seedling stage at a monthly interval gives a reasonable control and normal development of the seedlings.
B. Diseases
The most important diseases that attack the subabul crop are (1) fungal gummosis (Fusarium semitectum), (2) bark canker (Phytophthora dreschleri), (3) damping off (occurs in wet soils with dense population of seedlings), (4) leaf spot (Camptomeris leucaenae), and (5) bacterial pod blight.
Control
1.To control these diseases following techniques are suggested. The use of disease resistant varieties, such as Hawaiian Giants is resistant to gummosis and Hybrid progenies of interspecific crosses are resistant to leaf spot.
- Use of balanced fertilizers according to soil test.
- Planting at proper spacing and drainage condition.
- Spraying with some systemic insecticides to kill the pod borers which also introduce the fungus in the pod.
- Spraying with some fungicides.
Harvesting for Green Fodder
No where is the forage shortage worse than in the seasonally dry tropics. Here subabul fodder is particularly promising. Its annual yields of edible dry matter (leaves and fine stems) per hectare are generally between 16-10 tonnes. The giant varieties tend to produce the most of forage under frequent cuttings (i.e. ever 8-12 week). The Peru type, may be more productive under more frequent harvest (i.e. 4-6 weeks). The Hawaiian Giant K-8 planted with density of 5000 trees/ba yields about 8 tonnes of forage/ba at 1.5 years age. A typical leaf forage contains 89.4% dry matter, 24.2% crude protein, 4.4% ether extract. 13.3% crude fibre, 10.8% ash, 1.98% calcium, 0.27% phosphorus, 19.7% digestible protein, 57.3% total digestible nutrients, and 3,995 gross energy Kcal/kg. It has, however, low sodium and iodine ‘contents and needs to be supplemented by forage rich in these minerals. Because of the wide Ca: P ratio, supplementation with feeds rich in phosphorus is also necessary. Subabul leaf-meal is especially valuable because of its amino-acids composition which is superior. Its leaves are rich source of carotene and vitamins, pro-vitamin A content is among the highest recorded in plant specimens.
Lopping for Tree Growth
The plants of the subabul are lopped after 2 years of growth ie. leaves, twigs and thumb thick branches are cut by the sharp pruning scissors and the main stem is allowed to grow into tree for timber and fuel wood.
Problem of Mimosine in Green Fodder
Cattle are fed only with subabul green fodder continuously for six months results in general ill-health, loss of tail and rump hairs, excessive salivation, poor growth and swollen thyroids. This is due to high content of the mimosine (amino acid) i.e., 3-5% of dry matter. Cattle grow well if their feed contains less than 30% of subabul dry matter. In ruminant animals, mimosine can be rapidly converted by bacteria in the rumen to dihydroxypyridine (DHP), which is then broken down into non-toxic compounds. Some salt supplements also help in easy break down of mimosine.
In non-ruminant animals, subabul feed used as a major portion of the diet has resulted in fall of hairs in rabbits, delayed sexual maturity in pigs and poultry. Therefore, ration in poultry should have less than 6% dry weight of subabul feed and less than 10% for pigs and other non-ruminant animals. This quantity of subabul feed gives the palatability and increase protein and vitamin contents of the feed.
Subabul Grown in Pastures
Under condition of prolong drought up to 8 -10 months long, the scraggly bushes are often among most efficient forages. The deep roots of this plant allow it to remain green and productive long time after shallow-rooted grasses and pasture legumes have withered. The subabul pastures continue to give fodder longer in dry seasons and on return of rainy season they recover rapidly and pasture is restored. The pasture of this crop is browsed as it reaches a height of metre. In this way they get no chance to grow into trees and their inherent vigour and coppicing ability show up not in wood but in the masses of new foliage. These pastures continue producing year after year, under good management i.e. replacement of soil nutrients.
Subabul Grown for Timber Wood
Under suitable soil and well distributed rainfall conditions the tree has reached a height of 18 m in 5-6 years. ie., diameter 25-30 cm and dense wood. Under deep soil conditions 10,000 or more per hectare give sufficient dense population of the trees, which keeps the trunks reasonably straight. The trees may, harvested before six years.
Medicinal Value
The excessive contents of mimosine (amino acid) in subabul leaves can used as medicine for removing hairs of animals, those suffering from diseases which spread through hairs.
Papaya Plantation
Papaya Plantation
is now spreading globally due to medicinal value of papaya plants and papaya fruits . Papaya Plantation provides papaya plantation guide. Papaya because of its taste and health benefits to all parts of the world is a fruit that is eaten. In your dreams you are looking to eat a papaya a satisfactory health and also get solid gains in business and career. Of course, in his sleep at a ripe papaya fruit and juicy refers to. You see the fruit rotten or raw papaya on the other hand, it will have health problems and even accidental damage may experience that means. In their dreams, such a fruit, is a warning about possible health problems. You see yourself eating canned papaya, then you will be able to save money in real life means. Eating papaya in dreams you are wise and you will enjoy success in your life and money is the fact that generally signals. We provide you good variety of Papaya Plants and Papaya Plantation .
You see in your dreams papaya, then you are able to resolve an internal conflict that means. There is a need for emotional healing, although you are experiencing peace of mind. You really are asking for pulp papaya on your skin, in real life you are experiencing some sort of emotional healing that means. You mature and full of juicy papaya papaya fruit hanging see a tree, you do not solve every problem in your life and think it means. Because there is a solution to every problem in life is no need to feel anxious or worried. It makes you mature in your dreams, juicy papaya see yourself eating when you have that message.
A papaya in your dreams it looks good on the surface, however, the severity or seriousness of the situation below that
indicate the fact. You are only limited for the moment in your life that are facing temporary relief and pressure.
In the dream you are eating a papaya in a particular situation in life or work, without any effort on your part would be pleasant or enjoyable the fool is representative of the fact that there are some experts who believe that. Material life is a symbol of joy papaya. Ripe juicy papaya sleep, eat, and thou art, health, life, and to be without solicitude not so stupid as rich.
Papaya fruit nourishes great popular and high medicinal properties. The fruit of more than a year to produce fruit is much higher per unit area than fruit bearing fruit came in the morning. Papaya with plain or less prior to the business sector in the plains north of the country with all of the scale of the two states are cultivated. According to the figures available for 3670 tonnes papaya rental yield of 47.280 hectares. Four major cultural areas. Production The Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram are followed through, while the state between the hills, harvest Mizoram, Tripura and Manipur, followed by most of the region. Mexico native crop of papaya was introduced in India in the 16th century. However, the country’s most important fruit and All India and a communication has become popular throughout the fifth.
Different varities and kinds of Papaya cultivation in different Parts of India :
| State | Varieties grown | |
| Andhra Pradesh | – | Honey Dew, Coorg Honey Dew, Washington, Solo, Co-1,Co-2, Co-3, Sunrise Solo, Taiwan |
| Jharkhand | – | Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha |
| Karnataka & Kerala | – | Coorg Honey Dew, Coorg Green, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha |
| West Bengal | – | Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green |
| Orissa | – | Pusa Delicious, Pusa Nanha, Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green |
State wise papaya production belts are given in the following :
| State | Growing belts |
| Andhra Pradesh | Cuddapah, Medak, Kurnool, Rangareddy |
| Assam | Nagaon, Darrang, Karbi Anglong |
| Gujarat | Kheda, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar |
| Jharkhand | Simdega, Ranchi, Lohardaga, Hazaribagh, Chatra |
| Karnataka | Bellary, Bidar, Bangalore (R& U), Mandya, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Mysore, Belgaum, Hassan |
| Maharashtra | Sangli, Satara, Pune, Nasik, Sholapur, Nagpur, Amravati |
| Madhya Pradesh | Dhar, Khandwa, Bilaspur, Ratlam, Guna |
| West Bengal | North & South 24- Parganas, Hooghly, Nadia, Midnapur |
Climatic Condition for Papaya Plantation :
Papaya is a tropical fruit mild sub-tropical regions of the country by a 1,000 meter well grow. Above sea level. 120-140 Many dimensions of 100 hours and its development under the winter night temperatures, and the crisis affects production. Feeling strong winds ideal well-drained sandy sloppy service stagnation. Deep depths and well-drained sandy loam soil is ideal and suitable for papaya cultivation .
Land & Field Preparation :
A well-drained agricultural plateau have been. Open and high-altitude areas, the plants are exposed to strong winds or storms. Therefore, for proper installation of a wind break according gardens should be planted papaya plantation at the border.
Papaya Plantation Material :
Papaya seeds and plants propagated by tissue culture is used commercially. Seed rate of 250-300 grams. / Ha. 3M seedlings in the nursery can be improved. Long, 1m. Wide and 10 cm. By height in pots or plastic bags. 0.1% Monosan (phenyl mercury acetate) after being treated with seeds, ceresan etc. sown 1 cm. In rows at a depth of 10 cm. Different manure or leaf mold and covered well. Light irrigation is provided during the morning hours. Nursery beds or a plastic sheet to protect the seeds covered with dried rice straw. About 15-20 cm. High seedlings for planting in about two months, which is chosen.
Papaya Plantation Season and Month :
Papaya cultivation is done during the spring (February-March), rainfall (June-July) and autumn (October-November).
Spaces between Plants :
1.8 x 1.8 meters. Usually followed. 1.5 x 1.5 m. With a variety of high-density farming / ha back to farmers and increases recommended.
If Planning for High Density :
1.2 x 1.2 meters closer than the distance. For CV. Pusha Nanha 6,400 plants / ha amiable, adopted for high density planting.
Planting Method :
60x60x60 cm seedlings planted in the hole. Shape. In the summer months, dug a hole about two weeks before planting. The holes are filled with soil up to 20 kg. Composting., 1 kg. And 1 kg neem cake. Bone meal. Tall and strong varieties planted at greater distances, at close range, medium and dwarf.
Nutrition :
Papaya plants require heavy doses of fertilizer and manure. Even if the dose of basal fertilizer (@ 10 kg. / Plant) Pit, 200-250 grams is applied. Every N, P2O5 and K2O is recommended to achieve high yields. Application of 200 g. EN 300 grams increased with increasing N, but the fruit is optimal for papain yields results.
Micronutrients :
Ie micro-nutrients. ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2 BO3 (0.1%) in order to improve the growth and yield characters were sprayed.
Irrigation :
Irrigation schedule area depending on the type of soil and weather conditions is fixed. Security is provided in the first year of planting irrigation. During the second year, irrigation at intervals of two weeks in the winter and in the summer at an interval of 10 days is provided. Valley irrigation system largely followed. Low rainfall, sprinkler or drip system that can be adopted in a field.
Operation Intercultural :
Hoeing to check the growth of weeds during the first year is recommended. Weeding around the plant, in particular, should be done regularly. Two months after planting a pre-emergence herbicide application as Fluchloralin or Alachlorin or Butachlorine (2.0 g. / Ha.) For a period of four months to effectively control weeds. Land to dig avoid water logging done before or after the onset of rains and also to help the plants to stand up straight.
Inter-cropping :
After the non-legume leguminous plants Intercropping, shallow rooted plants take root after useful. No flowers were interrupted after the start of stage.
Elimination of male plants :
Approximately 10% dioecious male plants cultivated varieties which are best kept in the garden for pollination. Once the plant flowers, plant extra man collapsed.
Plant protection measures
Pests :
Most fruit flies observed insects (melon fly), AK grasshopper (Poekilocerus Pictus), aphids (APHIS gossypii), red spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus), Borers (Dasyses rugosellus) stem and gray beetle (Myllocerus the viridans). In all cases, the infected portion prophylactic spray Dimetoat (0.3%) or methyl demeton (0.05%) with the application must be destroyed.
Disease :
Reported major diseases, powdery mildew (Oidium Caricae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) are damping-off and stem rot. Application wet sulfur (1 g. / L) carbendazim / thiophanate methyl (1 g. / L) and armor / Mancozeb (2 g. / L) has been found to be effective in controlling the disease.
Harvest and score :
They are full size, peak eventually yellow in color with a light green color when the fruit is harvested. Some varieties of ripe yellow fruit, some of them are green. When condoms, suitable fruit for harvest in milk and water was stopped.
Papaya in the economic life of the plant is only 3 to 4 years. Crop variety, soil, climate and vary according to farm management. The results of 75-100 tons / ha. Distance and cultural practices based on papaya orchard gained a season.
Management of post-harvest
Grading :
The fruits of their weight, size and color are assessed on the basis of.
Storage :
The fruits are highly perishable in nature. They are at a temperature of 10-130 C and 85-90% relative humidity can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks.
Packing :
Bamboo basket with bananas for the local market to get the results of the farm is used as a coating material leaves.
Transport :
Transport trucks / truck easy to approach from the farm to the market of transport is the easiest way.
Marketing :
At the farm level, farmers usually dispose of their products to wholesalers and intermediaries.
Indian Agriculture
Indian Agriculture and colonialism
Over 2500 years ago, Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane. It was in India, between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, that the Persians, followed by the Greeks, discovered the famous “reeds that produce honey without bees” being grown. These were locally called साखर, pronounced as saccharum (ζάκχαρι). On their return journey, the Macedonian soldiers carried the “honey bearing reeds,” thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture. People in India had also invented, by about 500 BC, the process to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called khanda (खण्ड), which is the source of the word candy.
Prior to 18th century, cultivation of sugar cane was largely confined to India. A few merchants began to trade in sugar – a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century. Sugar became widely popular in 18th-century Europe, then graduated to becoming a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes. Sugarcane does not grow in cold, frost-prone climate; therefore, tropical and semitropical colonies were sought. Sugarcane plantations, just like cotton farms, became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century – of people from Africa and from India, both in millions – influencing the ethnic mix, political conflicts and cultural evolution of various Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean and Pacific island nations. The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced, in part, colonialism, first slavery and then slavery-like indentured labor practices in the new world, Caribbean wars and the world history in 18th and 19th centuries.
Indian agriculture since 1947
Cotton flower in India. This is a cash crop in central India.
In the years since its independence, India has made immense progress towards food security. Indian population has tripled, but food-grain production more than quadrupled: there has thus been substantial increase in available food-grain per capita.
Prior to the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements. However, two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy, and that India could not rely on foreign aid and foreign imports for food security. India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self-sufficiency. This ushered in India’s Green Revolution. It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding, disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity. The Indian state of Punjab led India’s green revolution and earned itself the distinction of being the country’s bread basket.
The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. With both the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer, India’s total foodgrain production soared. A hectare of Indian wheat farms that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948, produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land. Such rapid growths in farm productivity enabled India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s. It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare. By 2000, Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare.
Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu
With agricultural policy success in wheat, India’s Green Revolution technology spread to rice. However, since irrigation infrastructure was very poor, Indian farmer innovated with tube-wells, to harvest ground water. When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption, the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India — Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal. The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one-third of the harvested crop area. In the 1980s, Indian agriculture policy shifted to “evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern” leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed, fruit and vegetables. Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying, fisheries and livestock, and meeting the diversified food needs of India’s growing population. As with Rice, the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network, flood control systems, reliable electricity production capacity, all season rural and urban highways, cold storage to prevent food spoilage, modern retail, and competitive buyers of produce from the Indian farmer. This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy.
India’s agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes. Between 1970 and 2011, the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 to 16%. This isn’t because of reduced importance of agriculture, or a consequence of agricultural policy. This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services, industrial output, and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 to 2010.
Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution. Last year (2013) NDTV awarded his 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country.
An irrigation canal in Gujarat.Irrigation contributes significantly to the Agriculture in India.
Two states, Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift to a fully organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively.
Irrigation
Main article: Irrigation in India
Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. Of these groundwater system is the largest. Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India, about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells, and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals. In 2010, only about 35% of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated. About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons. The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in last 50 years have helped India improve food security, reduce dependence on monsoons, improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities. Dams used for irrigation projects have also helped provide drinking water supplies to a growing rural population, control flood and prevent drought-related damage to agriculture.
Output
Indian agriculture is diverse, ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms utilising modern agricultural technologies. This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India.
The changing face of Indian agriculture – formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies.
A panoramic view of a rice, cassava and banana farm in Kerala state.
A mustard farm in Rajasthan state.
Amul – an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state.
India has some of the world’s best agricultural yields in its tea plantations. A tea estate in Kerala state.
As of 2011, India had a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, for about 16% of GDP and 10% of export earnings. India’s arable land area of 159.7 million hectares (394.6 million acres) is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares (215.6 million acres) is the largest in the world. India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice, pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Worldwide, as of 2011, India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle, is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries.
Major crops and yields
The following table presents the twenty most important agricultural products in India, by economic value, in 2009. Included in the table is the average productivity of India’s farms for each produce. For context and comparison, included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010. The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases, in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes.
| Economic value | Unit price | Average yield, India (2010) |
World’s most productive farms (2010) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Product | (2009 prices, US$) | (US$ / kilogram) | (tonnes per hectare) | (tonnes per hectare) | Country |
| 1 | Rice | $38.42 billion | 0.27 | 3.3 | 10.8 | Australia |
| 2 | Buffalo milk | $24.86 billion | 0.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | Pakistan |
| 3 | Cow milk | $17.13 billion | 0.31 | 1.2 | 10.3 | Israel |
| 4 | Wheat | $12.14 billion | 0.15 | 2.8 | 8.9 | Netherlands |
| 5 | Mangoes | $9 billion | 0.6 | 6.3 | 40.6 | Cape Verde |
| 6 | Sugar cane | $8.92 billion | 0.03 | 66 | 125 | Peru |
| 7 | Bananas | $8.38 billion | 0.28 | 37.8 | 59.3 | Indonesia |
| 8 | Cotton | $8.13 billion | 1.43 | 1.6 | 4.6 | Israel |
| 9 | Fresh Vegetables | $5.97 billion | 0.19 | 13.4 | 76.8 | USA |
| 10 | Potatoes | $5.67 billion | 0.15 | 19.9 | 44.3 | USA |
| 11 | Tomatoes | $4.59 billion | 0.37 | 19.3 | 524.9 | Belgium |
| 12 | Buffalo meat | $4 billion | 2.69 | 0.138 | 0.424 | Thailand |
| 13 | Soyabean | $3.33 billion | 0.26 | 1.1 | 3.7 | Turkey |
| 14 | Onions | $3.17 billion | 0.21 | 16.6 | 67.3 | Ireland |
| 15 | Chicken Meat | $3.12 billion | 0.64 | 10.6 | 20.2 | Cyprus |
| 16 | Chick peas | $3.11 billion | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.8 | China |
| 17 | Okra | $3.07 billion | 0.35 | 7.6 | 23.9 | Israel |
| 18 | Cattle Meat | $2.93 billion | 0.83 | 13.8 | 24.7 | Jordan |
| 19 | Eggs | $2.80 billion | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.42 | Japan |
| 20 | Beans | $2.57 billion | 0.42 | 1.1 | 5.5 | Nicaragua |
The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that, per final numbers for 2009, India had grown to become the world’s largest producer of the following agricultural products:
- Fresh Fruit
- Lemons and limes
- Buffalo milk – whole, fresh
- Castor oil seeds
- Sunflower seeds
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Spices
- Okra
- Jute
- Beeswax
- Bananas
- Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas
- Pulses
- Indigenous Buffalo Meat
- Fruit, tropical
- Ginger
- Chick peas
- Areca nuts
- Other Bastfibres
- Pigeon peas
- Papayas
- Chillies and peppers, dry
- Anise, badian, fennel, coriander
- Goat milk, whole, fresh
Per final numbers for 2009, India is the world’s second largest producer of the following agricultural products:
- Wheat
- Rice
- Fresh vegetables
- Sugar cane
- Groundnuts, with shell
- Lentils
- Garlic
- Cauliflowers and broccoli
- Peas, green
- Sesame seed
- Cashew nuts, with shell
- Silk-worm cocoons, reelable
- Cow milk, whole, fresh
- Tea
- Potatoes
- Onions
- Cotton lint
- Cottonseed
- Eggplants (aubergines)
- Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms
- Indigenous Goat Meat
- Cabbages and other brassicas
- Pumpkins, squash and gourds
In 2009, India was the world’s third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts, tomatoes, peas and beans.
In addition to growth in total output, agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years. The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops. Improving road and power generation infrastructure, knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40% to 500% over 40 years.India’s recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive, are still just 30% to 60% of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries. Additionally, despite these gains in farm productivity, losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world.
| Crop | Average YIELD, 1970-1971 | Average YIELD, 1990-1991 | Average YIELD, 2010–2011 |
|---|---|---|---|
| kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare | |
| Rice | 1123 | 1740 | 2240 |
| Wheat | 1307 | 2281 | 2938 |
| Pulses | 524 | 578 | 689 |
| Oilseeds | 579 | 771 | 1325 |
| Sugarcane | 48322 | 65395 | 68596 |
| Tea | 1182 | 1652 | 1669 |
| Cotton | 106 | 225 | 510 |
India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields. Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar, also in a demonstration plot. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.
Horticulture
The total production and economic value of horticultural produce, such as fruits, vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 year period from 2002 to 2012. In 2012, the total production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time. The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013, making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China.Of this, India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits, 162 million tonnes of vegetables, 5.7 million tonnes of spices, 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products (cashew, cacao, coconut, etc.), 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers (7.6 billion cut flowers).
| Country | Area under fruits production (million hectares) |
Average Fruits YIELD (Metric tonnes per hectare) |
Area under vegetable production (million hectares) |
Average Vegetable YIELD (Metric tonnes per hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 India |
7.0 | 11.6 | 9.2 | 17.6 |
 China |
11.8 | 11.6 | 24.6 | 23.4 |
 Spain |
1.54 | 9.1 | 0.32 | 39.3 |
 United States |
1.14 | 23.3 | 1.1 | 32.5 |
| World | 57.3 | 11.3 | 60.0 | 19.7 |
During 2013 fiscal year, India exported horticulture products worth ₹14365 crore (US$2.3 billion), nearly double the value of its 2010 exports.Along with these farm-level gains, the losses between farm and consumer also increased, and are estimated to range between 51 to 82 million metric tonnes a year.
Problems
A rural market in India – farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce
India lacks cold storage, food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system. This causes one of the world’s highest food spoilage rates, particularly during Indian monsoons and other adverse weather conditions. Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders. Indian consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ‘sabzi mandi’ such as one shown or from roadside vendors.
Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques. In some parts of India, traditional use of cattle to plough farms remains in use. Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes.
Since 2002, India has become the world’s largest manufacturer of tractorswith 29% of world’s output in 2013; it is also the world’s largest tractor market. Above a tractor in use in north India.
“Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of India’s people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India’s yields for many agricultural commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible. Farmers’ access to markets is hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation.”
—World Bank: “India Country Overview 2008”
“With a population of just over 1.2 billion, India is the world’s largest democracy. In the past decade, the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth, emerged as a global player with the world’s fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms, and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals. India’s integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country. Nevertheless, disparities in income and human development are on the rise. Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009-10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004-05. Going forward, it will be essential for India to build a productive, competitive, and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural, non-farm entrepreneurship and employment. Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices.”
—World Bank: “India Country Overview 2011”
A 2003 analysis of India’s agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture. For food staples, the annual growth rate in production during the six-year segments 1970-76, 1976–82, 1982–88, 1988–1994, 1994-2000 were found to be respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, and 1.8% per annum. Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern, with the growth rate for 1994-2000 attaining only 1.5% per annum.
Infrastructure
India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms. Irrigation systems are inadequate leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water. In other areas regional floods, poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices, lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30% of farmer’s produce going to waste, lack oforganised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer’s ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops.
The Indian farmer receives just 10 to 23% of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce, the difference going to losses, inefficiencies and middlemen. Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States, in contrast, receive 64 to 81%.[citation needed]
Productivity
Although India has attained self-sufficiency in food staples, the productivity of Indian farms is below that of Brazil, the United States, France and other nations. Indian wheat farms, for example, produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France. Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China. Other staples productivity in India is similarly low. Indian total factor productivitygrowth remains below 2% per annum; in contrast, China’s total factor productivity growths is about 6% per annum, even though China also has smallholding farmers. Several studies suggest India could eradicate hunger and malnutrition within India, and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries.[citation needed]
By contrast Indian farms in some regions post the best yields, for sugarcane, cassava and tea crops.
Yields for various crops vary significantly between Indian states. Some Indian states produce two to three times more grain per acre than in other Indian states. The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops within India, for 2001-2002.
| Crop | Average farm yield in Bihar | Average farm yield in Karnataka | Average farm yield in Punjab |
|---|---|---|---|
| kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare | kilogram per hectare | |
| Wheat | 2020 | unknown | 3880 |
| Rice | 1370 | 2380 | 3130 |
| Pulses | 610 | 470 | 820 |
| Oil seeds | 620 | 680 | 1200 |
| Sugarcane | 45510 | 79560 | 65300 |
Crop yields for some farms within India are within 90% of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union. No single state of India is best in every crop. Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane,Haryana in wheat and coarse grains, Karnataka in cotton, Bihar in pulses, while other states do well in horticulture, aquaculture, flower and fruit plantations. These differences in agricultural productivity within India are a function of local infrastructure, soil quality, micro-climates, local resources, farmer knowledge and innovations.
The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient. Movement of agricultural produce within India is heavily regulated, with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods.
One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure, knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds. Additionally, cold storage, hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes.
The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:
- The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 2 hectares) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts, and in some cases, family disputes. Such small holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour. Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity, since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97% of its farming population.Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers, China’s organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity.
- Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings.
- According to the World Bank, Indian Branch: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development”, India’s large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty. Government intervenes in labour, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate infrastructure and services. World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating.The overuse of water is currently being covered by over pumping aquifers, but as these are falling by foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource.TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030.
- Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce.
- Inconsistent government policy. Agricultural subsidies and taxes often changed without notice for short term political ends.
- Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was irrigated in 2003–04, which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the Monsoon season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth. Farm credit is regulated by NABARD, which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent. At the same time overpumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels.
- A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the “Walmart model” to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector.
Farmer suicides
Main article: Farmers’ suicides in India
In 2012, the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides. Farmer suicides account for 11.2% of all suicides in India.Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, genetically modified crops, government policies, public mental health, personal issues and family problems.
Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose
Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that “prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances, provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere”. The policy suggested that, as far as possible, land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction, industrial parks and other commercial development.
Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint, stating that prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self-defeating. He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture. Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere, wherever there are advantages of production, market needs and the locational preferences of managers, engineers, technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education, healthcare and other infrastructure. He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics, the market economy should determine productive allocation of land.
Initiatives
Viticulture farms in Maharashtra.
Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu.
The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has not been able to implement various schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes areConstruction of Rural Godowns, Market Research and Information Network, and Development / Strengthening of Agricultural MarketingInfrastructure, Grading and Standardisation.
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the search leading to the “Indian Green Revolution” of the 1970s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields, including research and education. The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding.
Recently Government of India has set up Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme.However the recommendations have had a mixed reception.
In November 2011, India announced major reforms in organised retail. These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce. The reform announcement led to major political controversy. The reforms were placed on hold by the Indian government in December 2011.
In the summer of 2012, the subsidised electricity for pumping, which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels, put additional strain on the country’s electrical grid due to a 19% drop in monsoon rains, and may have helped contribute to a blackout across much of the country. In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps.
India Plantation Agriculture Information